What the claim involves
Brain injuries can change cognition, work, relationships, and independence.
In California, most brain injury lawsuits must be filed within two years (Code of Civil Procedure § 335.1), but a claim against a city, a school district, a transit agency, or another public agency generally requires a written claim within six months (Government Code § 911.2), even for a child. A concussion is a traumatic brain injury. The CDC explains that it can be caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head, or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move quickly back and forth, which is why a brain can be injured in a crash even when the head strikes nothing. Some symptoms appear right away, and others may not appear for hours or days, and the injured person may not recognize the changes. Medical care comes first: the CDC lists danger signs, such as a headache that gets worse and does not go away, repeated vomiting, or slurred speech, that call for 911 or an emergency department right away.
A brain injury claim has to account for more than the emergency-room visit: memory, concentration, mood, sleep, work, school, and the need for help at home. Kyle Scott Law handles every type of personal injury case for people across Orange County and Southern California, from its office in Tustin. Kyle Scott has practiced law since 1991 and has run his own firm since 2003. If you are looking for a brain injury lawyer in Orange County, your first conversation is with Kyle Scott himself, in English or Spanish, and a family member can make the first call.
Diagnosis and symptoms
A consistent medical record of symptoms, evaluations, testing, and treatment, from the first visit forward. The CDC says a brain scan is not needed to spot a mild TBI or concussion, though one may be used when bleeding on the brain is a risk, and that a person may still have a concussion even if it doesn’t show up on neuropsychological tests. A head injury can be a scalp wound or a skull fracture with no lasting effect on the brain; a brain injury is harm to the brain itself, with or without a visible head wound.
Life impact
How the injury changed work, school, relationships, and independence, documented by the people who see it every day.
Cause
The collision report, property records, video, and witnesses that connect the injury to the event and to whoever was responsible. Participants in a sport generally have no duty to reduce its inherent risks, but must not increase them, and a coach, league, or facility that increases those risks can still be responsible (CACI Nos. 470–472). A brain injury caused by a medical error, such as oxygen deprivation during surgery or birth, follows the malpractice rules instead.
Youth sports concussion rules
Under Education Code § 49475 (school athletic programs) and Health and Safety Code § 124235 (youth sports organizations), an athlete suspected of a concussion or head injury must sit out the rest of the day and may not return without written clearance from a licensed health care provider, and a diagnosed concussion requires a return-to-play protocol of at least seven days. Section 49475 does not cover the regular school day or required PE.
Cases the firm reviews
Common traumatic brain injury matters.
Information that can matter
A strong claim starts with preserved evidence.
The useful records vary by case. The initial review identifies what exists, what may need to be requested, and what should be preserved before it is lost.
Legal guides
Answers to common traumatic brain injury questions.
Common questions
Questions about traumatic brain injury claims.
Can I have a brain injury if my CT scan was normal?
Yes. The CDC says a brain scan is not needed to spot a mild TBI or concussion, though one may be used when bleeding on the brain is a risk, and a person may still have a concussion even if it doesn’t show up on testing. Keep following up with your provider and write down symptoms that continue. A free consultation can help you decide whether a claim makes sense.
What if my concussion symptoms started days after the accident?
That can happen. The CDC says some concussion symptoms appear right away, while others may not appear for hours or days. Get evaluated as soon as you notice them, tell the provider when they started, and keep a dated list. Insurers often question gaps in treatment, so prompt evaluation and steady follow-up help both your health and your claim.
How long do I have to file a brain injury claim in California?
Most injury lawsuits must be filed within two years under Code of Civil Procedure § 335.1, and that time generally does not run while the injured person is a minor (§ 352). But a claim against a public agency, such as a city, a school district, or a transit agency, generally must be presented in writing within six months under Government Code § 911.2, and the minors’ rule does not extend it.
My child hit their head at school or in youth sports. What should we know?
Get the child evaluated first. If a public school district or a city program may be responsible, a written claim is generally due within six months, even for a child. California’s concussion laws require an athlete suspected of a head injury to sit out the rest of the day and return only with written clearance from a licensed health care provider. A child’s settlement generally needs court approval (Probate Code § 3500).
Can I recover compensation for a mild TBI or concussion?
Yes, if the evidence connects the injury to the event and shows how it affected you. “Mild” describes the initial injury, not necessarily its effects. Claims often rest on medical and therapy records, neuropsychological testing when ordered, and accounts from family and coworkers who saw the changes. Damages cover the harm the injury caused, including harm certain to result in the future (Civil Code §§ 3333, 3283), and shared fault reduces the recovery but does not bar it.
What is the difference between a head injury and a brain injury?
A head injury can be a scalp wound or a skull fracture without lasting harm to the brain. A brain injury is harm to the brain itself, and it can happen without any visible head wound, for example when a crash jolts the head back and forth. The medical records, not the label, decide what a claim can include.
Can I still recover if I was partly at fault?
Yes. California follows pure comparative fault: your damages are reduced by your share of fault, not eliminated (CACI No. 405). In sports cases, participants generally accept a sport’s inherent risks, but a coach, league, or facility that increases those risks can still be responsible.
What if the brain injury was caused by a medical error?
Then California’s medical malpractice rules generally apply instead of the ordinary injury rules. The deadline is the earlier of one year from discovery or three years from the injury (Code of Civil Procedure § 340.5), the provider must get 90 days’ written notice before a lawsuit (§ 364), and pain-and-suffering damages in an injury case are limited to $470,000 through December 31, 2026, and $510,000 in 2027, rising each January 1 after that (Civil Code § 3333.2). Medical bills, lost earnings, and future care are not capped.
This page provides general information, not legal advice. A consultation is needed to evaluate the facts, deadlines, parties, and law that may apply to a specific matter.
Sources
Official sources.
The figures and rules of law on this page come from these official sources.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention — about mild TBI and concussion (causes, scans, testing)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention — symptoms of mild TBI and concussion (danger signs)
- California Code of Civil Procedure § 335.1 (two years for most injury lawsuits)
- California Code of Civil Procedure § 352 (minors; not for government claims)
- California Government Code § 911.2 (six months for a claim against a public entity)
- California Education Code § 49475 (concussions in school athletic programs)
- California Health and Safety Code § 124235 (concussions in youth sports organizations)
- Judicial Council of California, Civil Jury Instructions (CACI) Nos. 405, 470, 471, 472 (2026 edition)
- California Civil Code § 3333 (damages for all the detriment caused)
- California Civil Code § 3283 (future damages)
- California Probate Code § 3500 (court approval of a minor’s settlement)
- California Code of Civil Procedure § 340.5 (medical malpractice deadline)
- California Code of Civil Procedure § 364 (90 days’ notice before a malpractice suit)
- California Civil Code § 3333.2 (medical malpractice non-economic damages limits)
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